Biomass-promoting routes for the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) have recently received considerable attention due to the advantages of this method: it is simple, cost-effective, and ecofriendly. This method is also an alternative way to avoid the unsafe practice of waste incineration. We describe the preparation of activated carbon from palm kernel shell (PKS) - an abundant biomass that is available in Africa and Asia. We investigated the effect of process variables such as impregnation ratio (ratio of H3PO4 to PKS) and carbonisation temperature (500-700 °C) on yield, microstructure, morphology, pore structure, and adsorption properties to optimise these parameters. Nitrogen adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that the AC was predominantly microporous in nature. Under optimal conditions, an AC with the highest surface area of 1560 m²/g was obtained. The aqueous adsorption test showed that the AC had significant removal capacity for methylene blue and iodine. The higher iodine value is consistent with the structural properties of the adsorbent, while the lower methylene blue value is consistent with the limited mesopore width. Considering the chemical and surface properties and adsorption properties of the AC produced, PKS has been shown to be an excellent precursor material for AC, thus solving the disposal problems associated with this biomass. SIGNIFICANCE: •AC significantly promotes adsorption and offers a low-cost and cleaner production method. •PKS could serve as a dependable precursor for the synthesis of porous AC. •This study provides useful information on how H3PO4-impregnated PKS influences the porosity of the resulting AC. •Differences in porosity, yield, and morphology and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area are achievable using AC from PKS

RESUMO: A garantia de segurança alimentar frente ao aumento da população exige incremento proporcional da produção de leite e carne, que por sua vez depende da nutrição animal. Avaliar a adubação foliar com micronutrientes para produção de quantidades substanciais de forragem de boa qualidade deve ser um objetivo da agricultura moderna, com fins lucrativos e sustentável, além da produção de plantas com melhor capacidade competitiva em relação às plantas daninhas. Essa meta-análise avaliou quantitativa e qualitativamente o impacto da adubação foliar com micronutrientes (ferro, zinco, cobre, enxofre e boro) em culturas forrageiras sob diferentes condições pedoclimáticas. Meta-análises ponderadas e não ponderadas foram realizadas em 139 estudos para avaliar 19 variáveis independentes (9 qualitativas, 5 qualitativas e 5 econômicas) em comparação com a ausência de pulverização de micronutrientes. A adubação foliar com aplicação exclusiva ou de dois ou mais micronutrientes através de pulverizações simples ou múltiplas influenciou positivamente as características agronômicas e fisiológicas, que resultaram em uma forragem significativamente mais verde (7-19%) e maior biomassa de matéria seca. A melhoria da qualidade nutricional, em particular da proteína bruta (1,9-11,0%) e da digestibilidade (8-17%), foi obtida pela pulverização foliar de micronutrientes. As mudanças econômicas também foram maiores, pois os benefícios adicionais resultantes da adubação foliar de micronutrientes foram maiores que os custos envolvidos. Para esse conjunto de dados, conclui-se que a adubação foliar de micronutrientes tem potencial de aumentar o rendimento forrageiro, a qualidade nutricional e a receita advinda da produção de cereais, leguminosas e culturas forrageiras não convencionais (quinoa e alfafa), dependendo do estado da fertilidade do solo, da concentração dos micronutrientes aplicados, do número de pulverizações foliares, do estágio de crescimento das culturas para fins de adubação foliar e das condições agroambientais específicas.

ABSTRACT: Food security assurance to meet the demands of increased population growth requires a proportional increase in milk and meat production which, in turn, depends on animal nutrition. Assessing foliar application of micronutrients for production of substantive quantities of good quality forage must be a goal of modern, profit-oriented, sustainable agriculture and plants with better competitive ability as compared to weeds. This meta-analysis made a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the impact of foliar feeding of micronutrients (iron, zinc, copper, sulfur and boron) on forage crops under varying pedo-climatic conditions. Weighted and unweighted meta-analyses were performed on 139 studies to evaluate 19 independent variables (9 qualitative, 5 qualitative, 5 economic) in comparison to no spray of micronutrients. Foliar feeding through application of one, two or more micronutrients with single or multiple sprays positively influenced agronomic and physiological traits, which led to significantly higher green forage (7-19%) and dry matter biomass. Nutritional quality, particularly crude protein (1.9-11.0%) and digestibility (8-17%), was improved by foliar spraying of micronutrients. Economic outputs were also increased as additional benefits rendered by foliar applied micronutrients surpassed their expenditures. For this data set, it is concluded that foliar feeding of micronutrients has the potential to boost forage yield, nutritional quality and revenue of cereals, legumes and non-conventional forage crops (quinoa and medick) depending on soil fertility status, concentration of applied micronutrients, number of foliar sprays, crop growth stage for foliar feeding and specific agro-environmental conditions.

Background: Acceptance of generic medicines by patients is an essential factor given that they are the end users of these medicines. In fact, adequate knowledge and positive perceptions are prerequisite to patients´ acceptance and use of generic medicines. Objective: To assess the current belief and views of patients about generic medicines in Malaysia. Method: This was a self-administered questionnaire-based study. The study was conducted with patients visiting outpatient pharmacy department at a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia. The Malaysian version of Generic Medicines Scale (GMS) was used. The GMS consists of two subscales: efficacy and similarity of generic medicines to original brand medicines. The efficacy subscale consists of 10 items while the similarity subscale consists of 6 items. The responses to the items were framed as a five-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree). Results: A total of 202 out of 300 patients participated in the study, giving a response rate of 67.3%. In this study, only 49% of them (n=99) knew the term "generic medicine". Moreover, only 53.5% of the respondents (n=108) believed that the efficacy of generic medicines was the same as original brand medicines. In terms of quality, only 44% of the respondents (n=89) disagreed that generic medicines were of a lower quality. About one third (n=65, 32.2%) believed that generic medicines were cheaper because they were less efficacious. In terms of side effects, 44.5% of the respondents (n=90) believed that generic medicines had the same side effect profile as original brand medicines. Conclusions: The study finding showed that almost half of the respondents had negative belief in generic medicines. Similarly, many patients were not aware of the similarities and differences between generic and original brand medicines. Therefore, there is a need to provide patients with adequate information about generic medicines.

Antecedentes: La aceptación de los genéricos por los pacientes es un factor esencial dado que son los utilizadores finales de estos medicamentos. De hecho, el conocimiento adecuado y las percepciones positivas son requisitos para la aceptación y el uso de genéricos por los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar las creencias y la visión actuales de los pacientes sobre medicamentos genéricos en Malasia. Método: Este fue un estudio basado en un cuestionario auto-administrado. El estudio se realizó con pacientes que visitaron un departamento de farmacia ambulatoria de un hospital terciario en Malasia. Se usó la versión malaya del Generic Medicines Scale (GMS). El GMS consiste en dos escalas: eficacia y semejanza del genérico con el original de marca. La sub-escala de eficacia consiste en 10 ítems, mientras que la de semejanza consiste en 6 ítems. Las respuestas de los ítems se estipularon en una escala de Likert de 5 puntos: (1=desacuerdo fuerte a 5=acuerdo fuerte). Resultados: Un total de 202 de los 300 pacientes participaron en el estudio, lo que da una tasa de respuesta del 67,3%. En este estudio, solo el 49% de ellos (n=99) conocían el término "medicamento genérico". Sólo el 53,5% de los respondentes (n=108) creían que la eficacia de los genéricos era la misma que la de los originales de marca. En términos de calidad, solo el 44% de los respondentes (n=89) estaba en desacuerdo que los genéricos eran de menor calidad. Cerca de un tercio (n=65, 32,2%) creía que los genéricos eran más baratos porque eran menos eficaces. En términos de efectos adversos, el 44,5% de los respondentes (n=90) creía que los genéricos tenían el mismo perfil de efectos adversos que los medicamentos de marca. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos del estudio demostraron que casi la mitad de los respondentes tenían creencias negativas sobre los genéricos. Del mismo modo, muchos pacientes no conocían las semejanzas y similitudes de los genéricos y los de marca. Por tanto, se necesita proporcionar a los pacientes información adecuada sobre medicamentos genéricos.

O presente artigo relata a degradação UV-assistida de 1,4-benzoquinona em suspensões ZnO. As variáveis estudadas incluem a concentração de 1,4-benzoquinona, fotocatalisador, pH e carbono orgânico total. A concentração de 1,4-benzoquinona e o carbono orgânico residual foram medidos usando espectrofotômetro UV-Visível e analisador TOC, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a fotodegradação da 1,4-benzoquinona foi independente do pH. A fotoatividade do ZnO foi máxima na concentração de 1,0 g L-1 e em níveis de 100 mg L-1 de 1,4-benzoquinona. Na faixa de pH 4-10 mais de 80% de 1,4-benzoquinona pode ser removida. ZnO demonstrou capacidade de reutilização no processo.

The present paper reports the UV-assisted degradation of 1,4-benzoquinone in ZnO suspensions. The variables studied include the concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone, photocatalyst, pH and the total organic carbon. The concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone and residue organic carbon were measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and TOC analyzer, respectively. The results showed that 1,4-benzoquinone photodegradation was independent of pH. The photoactivity of ZnO was maximum at 1.0 g L-1 concentration and at 100 mg L-1 1,4-benzoquinone levels. Within pH 4-10 more than 80% of 1,4-benzoquinone can be removed. ZnO has demonstrated reusability in the process.